A2FO12/61R-VPB06

Manufacturer: Bosch Rexroth

Material #: R902197775

Model : A2FO12/61R-VPB06

***Disclaimer: The following summary contains information gathered from various sources such as product descriptions, technical specifications and catalogs. While efforts have been made to provide accurate details, inaccuracies may occur. It is advised to verify all information by contacting Bosch Rexroth directly.***
The Bosch Rexroth A2FO12/61R-VPB06 (R902197775) is a high-performance bent-axis pump designed for open circuit applications. This robust pump is renowned for its long service life and very high total efficiency, which contributes to its high power density. The A2FO series offers a wide range of nominal sizes, enabling precise customization to specific application requirements. With nominal pressures up to 250 bar and maximum pressures reaching up to 315 bar, the A2FO12/61R-VPB06 is capable of meeting the demands of various high-pressure tasks. This metric version of the pump is equipped with optional long-life bearings, particularly beneficial for extending service intervals and reducing maintenance needs in the nominal sizes 10 to 200. The bent-axis design ensures that the pump operates with optimal efficiency and reliability, making it suitable for a diverse range of hydraulic functions. Its construction and capabilities make it an all-purpose solution that can be integrated into a broad spectrum of hydraulic systems requiring dependable pressure delivery.

$2,717.00 USD

More are expected on March 31, 2025

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Status: This product is temporarily out of stock.

Qty: Delivered as early as March 31, 2025 when ordered in

This product is eligible for factory repair.

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Robust pump with long service life Very high total efficiency High power density Large variety of available nominal sizes allows exact adjustment to the application Optional with long-life bearings for the nominal sizes 250 to 1000 Bent-axis design

1)	Tapered shaft with threaded pin and woodruff key (DIN 6888). The torque must be transmitted via the tapered press fit.

Table of values

Size				5	10	12	16	23	28	32	45	56	63	80	90	107	125	160	180	200	250	355	500	710	1000
Displacement geometric, per revolution		Vg	cm³	4.93	10.3	12	16	22.9	28.1	32	45.6	56.1	63	80.4	90	106.7	125	160.4	180	200	250	355	500	710	1000
Nominal pressure		pnom	bar	315	400	400	400	400	400	400	400	400	400	400	400	400	400	400	400	400	350	350	350	350	350
Maximum pressure		pmax	bar	350	450	450	450	450	450	450	450	450	450	450	450	450	450	450	450	450	400	400	400	400	400
Maximum speed		nnom 1)	rpm	5600	3150	3150	3150	2500	2500	2500	2240	2000	2000	1800	1800	1600	1600	1450	1450	1550	1500	1320	1200	1200	950
Maximum speed		nmax 2)	rpm	8000	6000	6000	6000	4750	4750	4750	4250	3750	3750	3350	3350	3000	3000	2650	2650	2750	1800	1600	1500	1500	1200
Flow	at nnom	qV	l/min	27.6	32	38	50	57	70	80	102	112	126	145	162	171	200	233	261	310	375	469	600	852	950
Power	at nnom and pnom	P	kW	14.5	22	25	34	38	47	53	68	75	84	96	108	114	133	155	174	207	219	273	350	497	554
Torque 3)	at pnom	M	Nm	24.7	66	76	102	146	179	204	290	357	401	512	573	679	796	1021	1146	1273	1393	1978	2785	3955	5570
Rotary stiffness		c	kNm/rad	0.63	0.92	1.25	1.59	2.56	2.93	3.12	4.18	5.94	6.25	8.73	9.14	11.2	11.9	17.4	18.2	57.3	73.1	96.1	144	270	324
Moment of inertia for rotary group		JTW	kg·m²	0.00006	0.0004	0.0004	0.0004	0.0012	0.0012	0.0012	0.0024	0.0042	0.0042	0.0072	0.0072	0.0116	0.0116	0.022	0.022	0.0353	0.061	0.102	0.178	0.55	0.55
Maximum angular acceleration		ɑ	rad/s²	5000	5000	5000	5000	6500	6500	6500	14600	7500	7500	6000	6000	4500	4500	3500	3500	11000	10000	8300	5500	4300	4500
Case volume		V	l		0.17	0.17	0.17	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.33	0.45	0.45	0.55	0.55	0.8	0.8	1.1	1.1	2.7	2.5	3.5	4.2	8	8
Weight (approx.)		m	kg	2.5	6	6	6	9.5	9.5	9.5	13.5	18	18	23	23	32	32	45	45	66	73	110	155	325	336

1)	These values are valid at: - an absolute pressure of pabs = 1 bar at suction port S - for the optimum viscosity range from vopt = 36 to 16 mm2/s - with hydraulic fluid based on mineral oils
2)	Maximum speed (limiting speed) with increased inlet pressure pabs at suction port S, see the following diagram.
3)	Torque without radial force, with radial force see table "Permissible radial and axial forces of the drive shafts"

Maximum speed

Note

The values in the table are theoretical values, without consideration of efficiencies and tolerances. The values are rounded. Exceeding the maximum or falling below the minimum permissible values can lead to a loss of function, a reduction in operational service life or total destruction of the axial piston unit. Other permissible limit values, such as speed variation, reduced angular acceleration as a function of the frequency and the permissible angular acceleration at start (lower than the maximum angular acceleration) can be found in data sheet 90261.

Determining the operating characteristics
Flow		[l/min]
Torque		[Nm]
Power		[kW]

Key
Vg	Displacement per revolution [cm3]
Δp	Differential pressure [bar]
n	Rotational speed [rpm]
ηv	Volumetric efficiency
ηhm	Hydraulic-mechanical efficiency
ηt	Total efficiency (ηt = ηv • ηhm)

Hydraulic fluids

The axial piston unit is designed for operation with mineral oil HLP according to DIN 51524.

Application instructions and requirements for hydraulic fluids should be taken from the following data sheets before the start of project planning:

90220: Hydraulic fluids based on mineral oils and related hydrocarbons 90221: Environmentally acceptable hydraulic fluids 90222: Fire-resistant, water-free hydraulic fluids (HFDR, HFDU) 90223: Fire-resistan, water-containing hydraulic fluids (HFAE, HFAS, HFB, HFC) 90225: Restricted technical data for operation with fire-resistant hydraulic fluids

Viscosity and temperature of hydraulic fluids

	Viscosity	Shaft seal	Temperature1)	Comment
Cold start	νmax ≤ 1600 mm²/s	NBR2)	ϑSt ≥ -40 °C	t ≤ 3 min, without load (p ≤ 50 bar), n ≤ 1000 rpm, permissible temperature difference between axial piston unit and hydraulic fluid max. 25 K
Cold start	νmax ≤ 1600 mm²/s	FKM	ϑSt ≥ -25 °C
Warm-up phase	ν = 400 … 1600 mm²/s			t ≤ 15 min, p ≤ 0.7 • pnom and n ≤ 0.5 • nnom
Continuous operation	ν = 10 … 400 mm²/s3)	NBR2)	ϑ ≤ +78 °C	measured at port T
	ν = 10 … 400 mm²/s3)	FKM	ϑ ≤ +103 °C	measured at port T
	νopt = 16 … 36 mm²/s			range of optimum operating viscosity and efficiency
Short-term operation	νmin = 7 … 10 mm²/s	NBR2)	ϑ ≤ +78 °C	t ≤ 3 min, p ≤ 0.3 • pnom measured at port T
Short-term operation	νmin = 7 … 10 mm²/s	FKM	ϑ ≤ +103 °C	t ≤ 3 min, p ≤ 0.3 • pnom measured at port T

1)	If the specified temperatures cannot be maintained due to extreme operating parameters, please contact us.
2)	Special version, please contact us.
3)	Equates e.g. with the VG 46 a temperature range of +5 °C to +85 °C (see selection diagram)

Explanatory note regarding the selection of hydraulic fluid

The hydraulic fluid should be selected such that the operating viscosity in the operating temperature range is within the optimum range (vopt see selection diagram).

Selection diagram

Filtration of the hydraulic fluid

Finer filtration improves the cleanliness level of the hydraulic fluid, which increases the service life of the axial piston unit.

A cleanliness level of at least 20/18/15 is to be maintained according to ISO 4406.

At a hydraulic fluid viscosity of less than 10 mm²/s (e.g. due to high temperatures in short-term operation) at the drain port, a cleanliness level of at least 19/17/14 according to ISO 4406 is required.

For example, the viscosity is 10 mm²/s at:

HLP 32 a temperature of 73°C HLP 46 a temperature of 85°C

Operating pressure range

Pressure at working port A or B (high-pressure side)			Definition
Nominal pressure	pnom	see table of values	The nominal pressure corresponds to the maximum design pressure.
Maximum pressure	pmax	see table of values	The maximum pressure corresponds to the maximum operating pressure within the single operating period. The sum of the single operating periods must not exceed the total operating period.
Single operating period		10 s
Total operating period		300 h
Minimum pressure	pHP min	25 bar	Minimum pressure on high-pressure side (port A or B) required to prevent damage to the axial piston unit.
Rate of pressure change	RA max	16000 bar/s	Maximum permissible rate of pressure build-up and reduction during a pressure change over the entire pressure range.
Pressure at suction port S (inlet)			Definition
Minimum pressure	ps min	0.8 bar absolute	Minimum pressure at inlet (suction port S) that is required to avoid damage to the axial piston unit. The minimum required pressure is dependent on the speed of the axial piston unit. (see diagram "Maximum speed")
Maximum pressure	ps max	30 bar absolute
Case pressure at port T			Definition
Continuous differential pressure	ΔpT cont	2 bar	Maximum averaged differential pressure at the shaft seal (case to ambient)
Maximum differential pressure	ΔpT max	see diagram "Maximum differential pressure at the shaft seal"	Intermittent differential pressure at the shaft seal (permitted at reduced speed)
Pressure peaks	pT peak	10 bar	t < 0.1 s

Note

Working pressure range valid when using hydraulic fluids based on mineral oils. Values for other hydraulic fluids, please contact us.

Pressure definition

1)	Total operating period = t1 + t2 + ... + tn

Rate of pressure change

Maximum differential pressure at the shaft seal

Note

The service life of the shaft seal is influenced by the speed of the axial piston unit and the case pressure. The service life decreases with an increase of the mean differential pressure between the case and the ambient pressure and with a higher frequency of pressure spikes. The case pressure must be equal to or higher than the ambient pressure.

Direction of flow

Direction of rotation, viewed on drive shaft	clockwise	counter-clockwise
Direction of flow	S to B	S to A

Permissible radial and axial forces of the drive shaft

Size			5	10		12		16	23		28		32	45	56			63	80			90	107		125	160		180	200	250	355	500	710	1000
Drive shaft	Code		B, C	Z, P	A, B	Z, P	A, B	A, B	Z, P	A, B	Z, P	A, B	A, B	Z, P	Z	P	A, B	A, B	Z	P	A, B	A, B	Z, P	A, B	A, B	Z, P	A, B	A, B	A, B	Z, P	Z, P	Z, P	Z, P	Z, P
Drive shaft	⌀	mm	12	20	25	20	25	25	25	30	25	30	30	30	30	30	35	35	35	35	40	40	40	45	45	45	45	50	50	50	60	70	90	90
Maximum radial force at distance a (from shaft collar)	Fq max	kN	1.6	3	3.2	3	3.2	3.2	5.7	5.4	5.7	5.4	5.4	7.6	7.8	9.5	9.1	9.1	11.1	11.6	11.4	11.4	13.6	14.1	14.1	18.1	18.3	18.3	20.3	1.2 1)	1.5 1)	1.9 1)	3 1)	2.6 1)
Maximum radial force at distance a (from shaft collar)	a	mm	12	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	18	18	18	18	18	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	25	25	25	25	41	52.5	52.5	67.5	67.5
Permitted torque at Fq max	Tq max	Nm	24.7	66	66	76	76	102	146	146	179	179	204	290	294	357	357	401	488	512	512	573	679	679	796	1021	1021	1146	1273
Permitted differential pressure at Fq max	Δpq max	bar	315	400	400	400	400	400	400	400	400	400	400	400	330	400	400	400	380	400	400	400	400	400	400	400	400	400	400
Maximum axial force, when standstill or in non-pressurized conditions	+ Fax max	N	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	- Fax max	N	180	320	320	320	320	320	500	500	500	500	500	630	800	800	800	800	1000	1000	1000	1000	1250	1250	1250	1600	1600	1600	1600	2000	2500	3000	4400	4400
Maximum axial force, per bar operating pressure	+ Fax max	N/bar	1.5	3	3	3	3	3	5.2	5.2	5.2	5.2	5.2	7	8.7	8.7	8.7	9.7	10.6	10.6	10.6	10.6	12.9	12.9	12.9	16.7	16.7	16.7	5.2

1)	When at a standstill or when axial piston unit operating in non-pressurized conditions. Higher forces are permissible when under pressure, please contact us.

General information

The specified values are maximum data and not approved for continuous operation. The axial force in the direction of action -Fax is to be avoided as this reduces the bearing life cycle. The output by means of belts requires special conditions. Please consult us.

Notes for sizes 250 ... 1000:

In case of radial forces limited performance data is valid. Please contact us. In case of axial forces during operation of the unit please contact us.

Effect of radial force Fq on the service life of bearings

By selecting a suitable direction of radial force Fq the load on the bearings caused by the internal rotary group forces can be reduced, thus optimizing the service life of the bearings. Recommended position of mating gear is dependent on direction of rotation. Examples:

Toothed gear drive, size 5 … 180

Toothed gear drive, size 200 … 1000

1	Direction of rotation "clockwise", pressure at port B
2	Direction of rotation "counter-clockwise", pressure at port A

Long-life bearing

Size 250 to 1000

For long life cycle and use with HF hydraulic fluids. Identical external dimensions as design with standard bearing. Subsequent modification to long-life bearing is possible. Bearing and housing flushing via connection U is recommended.

Bearing flushing

Flushing flow (recommended)

Size		250	355	500	710	1000
Flushing flow qv	l/min	10	16	16	16	16

Size 5

1)	To shaft collar

Drive shafts

1)	Center bore according to DIN 332 (thread according to DIN 13)
2)	Thread according to DIN 3852, maximum tightening torque: 30 Nm

Ports

Size			5
B (A)	Working port	Size	M18 × 1,5; 12 mm deep
		Standard 1)	DIN 3852
		State on delivery	With protective cover (must be connected)
S	Suction port	Size	M22 × 1,5; 14 mm deep
		Standard 1)	DIN 3852
		State on delivery	With protective cover (must be connected)
T1	Drain port	Size	M10 × 1; 8 mm deep
		Standard 1)	DIN 3852
		State on delivery 2)	Plugged (observe installation instructions)
T2	Drain port	Size	M10 × 1; 8 mm deep
		Standard 1)	DIN 3852
		State on delivery 2)	With protective cover (observe installation instructions)

1)	The spot face can be deeper than specified in the appropriate standard.
2)	Unless otherwise specified. Other layouts on request.

Size 10 … 16

1)	To shaft collar

Drive shafts Z and A

1)	Center bore according to DIN 332 (thread according to DIN 13)

Drive shafts P and B

1)	Center bore according to DIN 332 (thread according to DIN 13)

Ports

Size			10	12	16
B (A)	Working port	Size	M22 × 1,5; 14 mm deep
		Standard 1)	DIN 3852
		State on delivery	With protective cover (must be connected)
S	Suction port	Size	M33 × 2; 18 mm deep
		Standard 1)	DIN 3852
		State on delivery	With protective cover (must be connected)
T1	Drain port	Size	M12 × 1,5; 12 mm deep
		Standard 1)	DIN 3852
		State on delivery 2)	Plugged (observe installation instructions)
T2	Drain port	Size	M12 × 1,5; 12 mm deep
		Standard 1)	DIN 3852
		State on delivery 2)	With protective cover (observe installation instructions)
R	Air bleed port	Size	M8 × 1; 8 mm deep
		Standard 1)	DIN 3852
		State on delivery	Plugged

1)	The spot face can be deeper than specified in the appropriate standard.
2)	Unless otherwise specified. Other layouts on request.

Size 23 … 180

1)	To shaft collar

Size	D1		D3	D4	D6	D8	D9	D10	D11	D12	D13	D14	D15	D16	D17	D18	D19	D20	D21	D22	D25	D28	D29	D32	D40	D41	D42	D43	D44
Size	mm	mm	mm	mm	mm	mm	mm	mm	mm	mm	mm	mm	mm	mm	mm	mm	mm	mm	mm	mm	mm	mm	mm	mm	mm	mm	mm	mm	mm
23	100	0 - 0.022	190	117	60	18	8	25	23.2	70	144	88	166	14	25	106	56	42	61	9	118	125	11	106	18.2	40.5	13	22.2	47.6
28	100	0 - 0.022	190	117	60	18	8	25	23.2	70	144	88	166	14	25	106	56	42	61	9	118	125	11	106	18.2	40.5	13	22.2	47.6
32	100	0 - 0.022	190	117	60	18	8	25	23.2	70	144	88	166	14	25	106	56	42	61	9	118	125	11	106	18.2	40.5	13	22.2	47.6
45	125	0 - 0.025	207	133	64	20	12	32	30	80	155	100	179	20	28	108	63	42	78	11	150	160	13.5	118	23.8	50.8	19	26.2	52.4
56	125	0 - 0.025	225	142	68	20	10	32	30	87	171	107	195	23	31	117	70	50	78	11	150	160	13.5	128	23.8	50.8	19	26.2	52.4
63	125	0 - 0.025	225	142	68	20	10	32	30	87	171	107	195	23	31	117	70	50	78	11	150	160	13.5	128	23.8	50.8	19	26.2	52.4
80	140	0 - 0.025	257	162	73	20	10	32	29	99	196	122	224	25	41	132	83	63	86	11	165	180	13.5	138	27.8	57.2	25	30.2	58.7
90	140	0 - 0.025	257	162	73	20	10	32	29	99	196	136	224	25	41	132	83	63	86	11	165	180	13.5	138	27.8	57.2	25	30.2	58.7
107	160	0 - 0.025	275	174	89	23	10	40	85	110	213	136	245	20	40	140	85	65	98	12	190	200	17.5	150	27.8	57.2	25	35.7	69.9
125	160	0 - 0.025	275	174	89	23	10	40	36.5	110	213	136	245	20	40	140	85	65	98	12	190	200	17.5	150	31.8	66.7	32	35.7	69.9
160	180	0 - 0.025	294	188	101	25	10	40	37.2	121	237	149	271	15	47	158	96	72	108	13	210	224	17.5	180	31.8	66.7	32	35.7	69.9
180	180	0 - 0.025	294	188	101	25	10	40	37.2	121	237	149	271	15	47	158	96	72	108	13	210	224	17.5	180	31.8	66.7	32	35.7	69.9

Drive shafts Z and A

1)	Center bore according to DIN 332 (thread according to DIN 13)

Splined shaft DIN 5480

NG	Code	Designation	Thread G	N2	N3	N4	N5	ØN6
NG	Code	Designation	Thread G	mm	mm	mm	mm	mm
23	Z	W25×1.25×18×9g	M8 × 1.25	6	19	28	43	35
23	A	W30×2×14×9g	M10 × 1.5	7.5	22	27	35	35
28	Z	W25×1.25×18×9g	M8 × 1.25	6	19	28	43	35
28	A	W30×2×14×9g	M10 × 1.5	7.5	22	27	35	35
32	A	W30×2×14×9g	M10 × 1.5	7.5	22	27	35	35
45	Z	W30×2×14×9g	M12 × 1.75	9.5	28	27	35	35
56	Z	W30×2×14×9g	M12 × 1.75	9.5	28	27	35	40
56	A	W35×2×16×9g	M12 × 1.75	9.5	28	32	40	40
63	A	W35×2×16×9g	M12 × 1.75	9.5	28	32	40	40
80	Z	W35×2×16×9g	M12 × 1.75	9.5	28	32	40	45
80	A	W40×2×18×9g	M16 × 2	12	36	37	45	45
90	A	W40×2×18×9g	M16 × 2	12	36	37	45	45
107	Z	W40×2×18×9g	M12 × 1.75	9.5	28	37	45	50
107	A	W45×2×21×9g	M16 × 2	12	36	42	50	50
125	A	W45×2×21×9g	M16 × 2	12	36	42	50	50
160	Z	W45×2×21×9g	M16 × 2	12	36	42	50	60
160	A	W50×2×24×9g	M16 × 2	12	36	44	55	60
180	A	W50×2×24×9g	M16 × 2	12	36	44	55	60

Drive shafts P and B

1)	Center bore according to DIN 332 (thread according to DIN 13)

Parallel keyed shaft DIN 6885

NG	Code	Designation	Thread G	⌀N1		N2	N3	N5	⌀N6	N7	N8
NG	Code	Designation	Thread G	mm	mm	mm	mm	mm	mm	mm	mm
23	P	⌀25, AS8×7×40	M8 × 1.25	25	+ 0.015 + 0.002	6	19	50	35	28	8
23	B	⌀30, AS8×7×40	M10 × 1.5	30	+ 0.015 + 0.002	7.5	22	50	35	33	8
28	P	⌀25, AS8×7×40	M8 × 1.25	25	+ 0.015 + 0.002	6	19	50	35	28	8
28	B	⌀30, AS8×7×40	M10 × 1.5	30	+ 0.015 + 0.002	7.5	22	50	35	33	8
32	B	⌀30, AS8×7×40	M10 × 1.5	30	+ 0.015 + 0.002	7.5	22	50	35	33	8
45	P	⌀30, AS8×7×50	M12 × 1.75	30	+ 0.015 + 0.002	9.5	28	60	35	33	8
56	P	⌀30, AS8×7×50	M12 × 1.75	30	+ 0.015 + 0.002	9.5	28	60	40	33	8
56	B	⌀35, AS10×8×50	M12 × 1.75	35	+ 0.018 + 0.002	9.5	28	60	40	38	10
63	B	⌀35, AS10×8×50	M12 × 1.75	35	+ 0.018 + 0.002	9.5	28	60	40	38	10
80	P	⌀35, AS10×8×56	M12 × 1.75	35	+ 0.018 + 0.002	9.5	28	70	45	38	10
80	B	⌀40, AS12×8×56	M16 × 2	40	+ 0.018 + 0.002	12	36	70	45	43	12
90	B	⌀40, AS12×8×56	M16 × 2	40	+ 0.018 + 0.002	12	36	70	45	43	12
107	P	⌀40, AS12×8×63	M12 × 1.75	40	+ 0.018 + 0.002	9.5	28	80	50	43	12
107	B	⌀45, AS14×9×63	M16 × 2	45	+ 0.018 + 0.002	12	36	80	50	48.5	14
125	B	⌀45, AS14×9×63	M16 × 2	45	+ 0.018 + 0.002	12	36	80	50	48.5	14
160	P	⌀45, AS14×9×70	M16 × 2	45	+ 0.018 + 0.002	12	36	90	60	48.5	14
160	B	⌀50, AS14×9×70	M16 × 2	50	+ 0.018 + 0.002	12	36	90	60	53.5	14
180	B	⌀50, AS14×9×70	M16 × 2	50	+ 0.018 + 0.002	12	36	90	60	53.5	14

Ports

Size			23	28	32	45	56	63	80	90	107	125	160	180
B (A)	Working port	Size	1/2 in			3/4 in			1 in			1 1/4 in
		Standard	Dimensions according to SAE J518
		Fastening thread 1)	M8 × 1,25; 15 mm deep			M10 × 1,5; 17 mm deep			M12 × 1,75; 17 mm deep			M14 × 2; 19 mm deep
		State on delivery	With protective cover (must be connected)
S	Suction port	Size	3/4 in			1 in			1 1/4 in		1 1/2 in
		Standard	Dimensions according to SAE J518
		Fastening thread 1)	M10 × 1,5; 17 mm deep								M12 × 1,75; 20 mm deep
		State on delivery	With protective cover (must be connected)
T1	Drain port	Size	M16 × 1,5; 12 mm deep			M18 × 1,5; 12 mm deep							M22 × 1,5; 14 mm deep
		Standard 2)	DIN 3852
		State on delivery 3)	Plugged (observe installation instructions)
T2	Drain port	Size	M16 × 1,5; 12 mm deep			M18 × 1,5; 12 mm deep							M22 × 1,5; 14 mm deep
		Standard 2)	DIN 3852
		State on delivery 3)	With protective cover (observe installation instructions)
R	Air bleed port	Size	M10 × 1; 12 mm deep			M12 × 1,5; 12 mm deep					M14 × 1,5; 12 mm deep
		Standard 2)	DIN 3852
		State on delivery	Plugged

1)	Thread according to DIN 13
2)	The spot face can be deeper than specified in the appropriate standard.
3)	Unless otherwise specified. Other layouts on request.